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Crime elevates the risk for long-term, often traumatizing mental and physical health effects in victims, offenders, and their children, partners and families, as well as law-enforcement and other professionals who work with crime victims and offenders. Patricia Fennell's empirically validated Fennell Four Phase Model of chronic illness recognizes the influences of cultural, psychosocial and physical factors in integrating trauma from crime and other unwelcome changes into our lives, and finding a pathway to rehabilitation and recovery. It offers an approach, grounded in clinical practice, to h
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